Osteoporosis Prevention in Women –Exercise and Nonpharmacological Approaches

Michael TC Liang,1* Anderson Hwa Te Tsai,2 Thomas W Allen3

1Professor of Clinical Exercise Physiology Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State 2Primary Care Division, Health Tap, Mountain View, California 3Professor of Sports Medicine and Internal Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, Oklahoma 

Correspondence: Michael TC Liang, Director, Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California 91768, USA, Email [email protected] 

Received: October 16, 2023                                                                                                                           Published: October 28, 2023

 Citation: 2023;1(1):43–55. 

Copyright: permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

Abstract 

The objective of the review was to provide non-pharmacological approaches to improve bone health and prevent osteoporosis in women. The specific objectives are 

1) To recommend approaches to build strong bone or peak bone mass in women with regular exercise training or sports participation, and 

2) To provide better guidelines for non-pharmacological supplement use to prevent or treat osteoporosis. Consistently highimpact exercise training and high-intensity resistance training provide different site-specific effects in both upper and lower limbs. Bone quality and bending strength can be improved if the mechanical stimulus is induced by short increments rather than over long periods of time.

 The consensus among bone clinicians and researchers as to the potential osteogenic exercise stimuli include

 1) Impact-load activities should be at high magnitude and low repetitions, 

2) Long-term mechanical loading should be separated into short bouts of work- rest intervals, and 

3) The strain or load imposed on the skeleton should be distributed throughout the bone structure, involving multiple directions and be progressive in nature. For building strong bone or peak bone mass during the growing years for teenagers or young adults the logical approach is to engage in regular exercise training or sports participation because these types of musculoskeletal loading activities are relatively safe and without side effects especially when we begin engagement in regular exercise training/sports participation at a younger age (e.g. with club sports) and continue to adulthood and old age (e.g. with supervision exercise training and sports participation on enhancing or maintaining bone strength and bone mineral density as well as nonpharmacological supplements such as calcium and vitamin D to prevent osteoporosis.

 Keywords: bone health, bone resorption and formation process, exercise training modality and bone health, sport participation and bone health, non-pharmacological and supplements Polytechnic University, Pomona, California Liang. Osteoporosis Prevention in Women – Exercise and Non-pharmacological Approaches. HOJ Emerg and Int Med. ©2023 Liang. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which